Tag: wheat

Wheat Area Down in UK

The area planted to wheat in the UK is expected to fall by 1.3% according to the results of the annual AHDB Early Bird Survey of UK planting intentions.  The survey, conducted by The Andersons Centre with the support of the AICC and other agronomists, captures a snapshot in early November.  This is a crucial caveat to the survey, in that it reflects the time before storms Babet, Ciarán and Debi.

Irrespective of the conditions of the storm, winter plantings were already expected to decline owing to the wet conditions which have persisted since harvest.  The area planted to winter barley is expected to fall by 6%.  Much of the fall in winter cropping will be replaced by spring barley (forecast up 13%) or oats (up 12%).

With prices having tumbled from their post-Ukraine invasion high, it is no surprise to also see the area intended to be planted to OSR falling by 16%.  This will also include a proportion which has already been written off, with flea beetle and slugs enjoying the mild post-planting weather.

Time will tell as to whether all the wheat area intended is planted.  Weather conditions between now and mid-January will be pivotal.  In addition, close attention needs to be paid to the condition of crops in the ground (see accompanying article).

A further update, with regional detail will be produced in mid-December, once Defra publish a full UK crop area figure.

Crop Conditions Update

It has been a challenging start to the 2024 season for many, to say the least.  Persistent rain during and post-harvest has been followed by storms Babet, Ciarán and Debi, leading to some crop casualties already.  For many, this year has marked the most significant challenge to the drilling campaign since 2019, although rainfall has largely been less persistent.

Andersons has compiled a crop condition assessment for the AHDB, summarised below in the order of planting.

Winter Oilseed Rape

Generally, the winter OSR crop can be split into three groups according to when it was planted.  The earliest established crop is generally in good condition, having rooted into good moisture and developed well to stave-off pest pressure and subsequent rains.  If anything, some of these crops are too far forward.

Crops established around the August Bank Holiday went into drier seedbeds, owing to the one week of very hot weather this year.  These crops are in far worse condition, with cabbage stem flea beetle migrating at a similar time.  Slugs have also been a significant issue, with mild evenings and wet weather.  Many regions have already written off considerable areas.

The final group is the late-August/early September crop.  This has generally established well, although root development was hampered by colder conditions and the crop isn’t as far forward as it should be.  It remains to be seen how these crops get through the winter given some of thier poor rooting.

Generally, more OSR will be written off this season than normal.  In addition, CSFB pressures are being seen further North and West than in a typical season.

Winter Barley

The winter barley crop was generally looking good, up until recent rainfall, having been established in reasonable conditions.  That said, with some crops sitting in water-logged soils, yellowing has been seen.  Crops should recover, although if biomass development is hindered,yield prospects may be too.

Given the moisture this autumn, good, stale seedbeds and weed control were achievable for many. Hopefully this will result in lower grass weed pressure than last year.

Winter Wheat

Wheat is undoubtedly the crop of biggest concern.  Whilst the AHDB Early Bird Survey estimates a planted area of 1.698 million hectares, much of this will have been either undrilled or not very well established by the time the rains hit in October and November.  Typically, by the end of October we would expect much of the winter wheat crop to be planted.  Regional estimates of planting vary from 70% to 85% on average.

Concern over the potential for crop failure is reported across many regions by businesses of all sizes. Some of the worse hit wheat is in the Midlands and the North East, where there is expected to be a degree of write-off.  What this crop is replaced with remains to be seen and will depend on how much of a field is written off.  Where headlands and wetter patches are affected, there may be an effort to re-establish wheat.  Failing that, a rise in fallow, or generally thinner, patchy, low-yielding crops are to be expected.

Pest pressure for wheat has also been considerable, with reports of the worst slug damage some have seen for 10 or more years.

Grain Markets

Global Grains

Global grain markets are largely unchanged on the month.  There has been some short-term support, but there is a distinct lack of news to sustain any price increases.  Both the USDA and the International Grains Council (IGC) published their latest world grain and oilseed supply and demand estimate updates.  For grains, both organisations made downward revisions to global ending stocks, the USDA by 2Mt and the IGC by 6Mt.  In both cases the downward revisions come from reductions to maize stocks.  That said, the month-on-month reductions to the outlook are a drop in the ocean relative to the forecast 60 million tonnes of stocks.

With the US maize harvest 59% complete, the next important drivers for grain and oilseed markets are likely to come from the southern hemisphere.  The picture in Brazil is split, where excess rainfall in the south is delaying soyabean plantings, whilst more rainfall is needed in the north of the country.  If this continues it has the potential to support soyabean and so rapeseed prices.  Beyond this, attention will turn to South American maize planting.

UK Market Update

It’s been a challenging drilling window for many so far this year.  Whilst the autumn has been mild, the stop-start rains which prolonged harvest have continued.  Reports suggest that pest pressures are increased, particularly for oilseed rape with both flea-beetle and slugs a problem.  The relatively mild weather has seen widespread flea-beetle damage in rape crops further north than usual.  In addition, storm Babet left many fields, particularly in the Midlands, East Anglia and Scotland under water.

As with the global market, UK wheat prices are relatively unchanged month-on-month.  There are odd opportunities to benefit from short-term spikes.

The AHDB published its ‘Early’ Balance Sheet for the UK wheat and barley market.  For wheat, whilst the carry out stocks from last season are up significantly (9% year-on-year), AHDB estimates the 2023 wheat crop to be significantly smaller (14.1Mt).  This is due to a much smaller planted area than had been expected.  Consumption of wheat is also seen increasing, with both ethanol plants expected to remain operational.  There is also expected to be a switch from barley to wheat for some animal feed compounders.  With a smaller pig herd and poultry flock and reports of reasonable forage production for ruminants, there will be questions over the level of animal feed demand this season.

The UK wheat market is left in a broadly similar position as it was in the 2021/22 season. However, the lack of support in global markets and little domestic activity is keeping prices subdued.  Defra will provide another update on the size of the UK wheat crop in December.

For barley, large opening stocks and decline in animal feed demand are expected to outweigh the drop in production year-on-year.  As a result the UK is expected to have 1.5 million tonnes of barley which will either be held as stock or exported.  Small volumes are moving, but there are currently cheaper origins than the UK for barley.

Whilst feed markets may be under pressure, there continues to be strong premiums for milling wheat and malting barley.  Milling wheat premiums are in the region of £65 per tonne and malting barley premiums have reached as much as £85 per tonne.  The importance of knowing and maintaining the quality in the barn cannot be overstated this season.

Pulse prices have remained firm against other combinable crops, although there are suggestions that feed beans and peas may be displaced by cheaper protein sources into animal feed.  The trade expectation is that prices will fall.

Grain Market Update

The August USDA World Supply and Demand Estimates forecast a slight drop in production relative to the July report.  This is driven by a reduced outlook for Canadian and European wheat production.  Additionally, US maize production forecasts were reduced slightly with lower yields expected, following results from a producer survey.  The sentiment for reducing supply and demand forecasts (month-on-month) is echoed by the International Grains Council who cut both production and stock forecasts for total grains.

Although estimates have been reduced, this years global harvest is forecast to be considerably larger than last years, putting downwards pressure on prices.  As harvests continue across the Northern Hemisphere, and better yield information becomes available, wheat prices have continued to fall.  Suggestions of large crops in Russia, and the ease of shipping costs compared to the same time last year has moved spot feed wheat prices lower after the late July spike.

In the UK, the changeable weather continues to result in a challenging, stop-start harvest, although progress improved at the end of August.  In the South and East, many businesses have now finished harvest for another year.  Reports suggest that both yield and quality are down on last year, with lower proteins and hagbergs a potential challenge for the milling supply chain.  Malting barley nitrogens are low, a positive; but bushel weights are also low.

In August, UK feed wheat values average just over £174 per tonne, down £4 per tonne on the July average.  Milling wheat values have also moved lower, down nearly £5 per tonne on the July average, at £237 per tonne.  There is still a considerable premium of milling wheat over feed (£62 per tonne) which will be supported if quality issues turn out to be correct..

The discount of feed barley to feed wheat has narrowed over the past month.  Reduced availability of the crop has pushed the discount to £22 per tonne on average across August, compared with £28 per tonne in July.  In the last week of August the discount was as narrow as £17 per tonne.

The supply and demand for oilseeds has also eroded prices this month.  There is larger availability of oilseed rape in Europe this season, with expectations of significant carryover into the 2024/25 season. The oilseed rape price averaged £349 per tonne in August, down from £362 per tonne in July.

The value of pulse crops has taken the biggest hit over the last month.   The price of feed beans and feed peas fell by £37 and £41 per tonne, respectively, mont-on-month.  With harvest underway greater availability.  Early reports suggested that quality has been variable.

Global Grains

Grain markets have been increasingly volatile in July, driven once again by the Black Sea.  US maize crop conditions have improved, but weather concerns still linger.

Ukraine/ Russia

The renewal, or lack thereof, of the Black Sea Grain Initiative (BSGI) has been a key watchpoint for grain markets for the past year.  The agreement, guaranteeing the transit of agricultural commodities, broke down on 17th July 2023.  The ending of the BSGI, came with missile strikes at the port of Odessa, and threats of military action against vessels delivering cargos to Ukraine.

In response to the ending of the BSGI, and subsequent concerns about global grain availability, UK feed wheat futures have been more volatile.  Between 17th July and 19th July UK feed wheat futures (November 2023), gained more than £16 per tonne, before falling back by £5 per tonne.

The lack of the BSGI and exports through a key port such as Odessa is undoubtedly a challenge to global grain availability.  However, reports from key commentators highlight the important role of the Danube and exports via Constanta, Romania, have played, and will continue to play, in keeping grain moving.  An increase in Ukrainian grain being exported by road, rail and waterways through Eastern Europe could cause downwards pressure on grain prices in the countries bordering Ukraine.  Some Governments have already placed restrictions on trade – for example grain can only transit through their territories.

The movement of Black Sea grain will continue to be a focal point.  Further attacks on the Danube port of Reni lifted prices on Monday 24th July.

United States

Following last month’s update, the US Corn Belt has received much-needed rain.  Drought as the crop moved towards silking negatively impacted crop conditions and was a risk to yield prospects.

Yield forecasts have been lowered but remain at record levels due to high planted areas.  While weather remains a risk to the crop, the global supply and demand balance is little changed.  In July, the USDA increased the area of maize it expects to be harvested by 900 thousand hectares.

The increase in the area of maize comes at the expense of soyabeans, with the area expected to be harvested falling by 1.6 million hectares.  The cut to the soyabean area has added significant support to the wider vegetable oil complex, including rapeseed.

Hotter weather and less rain is forecast in the Corn Belt through the first week of August so conditions remain uncertain.

Global Supply and Demand

The latest global supply and demand figures highlight the continued view from the USDA that the world will be better supplied with grain this coming season.  But there is a diverging picture between maize and wheat.  Global maize stocks are forecast to grow by 17.8 million tonnes year-on-year. Meanwhile, wheat ending stocks are forecast to fall by 2.8 million tonnes; to the lowest level since 2015/16. Wheat production was estimated to decline further in July’s USDA World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, driven by month-on-month declines in Argentina, Canada, and the EU.

UK Grain Markets

The barley harvest is underway in England, although progress has been stop-start due to regular rain.  According to the Environment Agency, in the month to 18th July, England had received 111% of the long-term average rainfall for July.  As well as increased lodging in barley and OSR, the higher rainfall will be causing some concerns around grain quality.

With large ending stocks from the 2022/23 season anticipated, and the UK not currently export competitive, the price of feed barley has continued to fall.  So far in July (to 21st July) feed barley has averaged £146 per tonne, down £10 per tonne on the June average.  Initial assessments of malting crop quality have seen lower retentions (percentage of sample retained when passing over a 2.5mm sieve – minimum typically 85-90%) .  This has reportedly led some maltsters to lower intake standards for the current crop.

Feed wheat prices have increased latterly, due to the ending of the Black Sea Grain Initiative.  Ex-farm feed wheat (nearby) was quoted at £180 per tonne, on 21st July.  Milling wheat was worth £243 per tonne.

Oilseed rape values have also increased, with Paris rapeseed futures briefly exceeding €500 per tonne for the first time since March.  Ex-farm oilseed rape was quoted, on 21st July; at £385 per tonne, up from an average of £330 per tonne in June.  Price increases have been driven by the tightening of soyabean markets, and concerns over availability of Ukrainian oilseeds.

Pulse markets were also stronger in July.  Human consumption demand has remained somewhat limited, with difficulties in accessing North African markets.  However, some feed compounders have reportedly included pulses in rations, with global protein values increasing.  Feed beans and feed peas have average £259 per tonne in July.

UK Arable Outlook

As harvest draws nearer, UK wheat prices have increased, supported by concerns for US maize and prolonged dryness in Northern Europe (see preceding article).  In the week ending 23rd June 2023, ex-farm feed wheat was quoted at £175 per tonne; up almost £15 per tonne on the beginning of the month, but still just behind the May average of £176 per tonne.

AHDB Corn Returns data shows a positive carry into new crop prices, with feed wheat for September delivery averaging £196 per tonne in the week ending 22nd June.  Milling wheat continues to command a strong premium of nearly £66 per tonne, with the price quoted at £241 per tonne, ex-farm.

Barley prices have not gained to the same degree as wheat prices, up £8 per tonne on the beginning of June.  Ex-farm barley is quoted at £156 per tonne – demand for old crop feed barley has increased slightly but remains slow.  The UK is currently not competitive into export markets.  This could continue to pressure prices with a large carryout expected from harvest 2022, and barley now ripening and harvest not far away in the South and East.

Oilseed rape values had strengthened through June, reaching £346 per tonne in the middle of the month, before falling again.  Weaker than expected biofuel mandates in the US pressured soyabean oil prices, dragging the wider vegetable oils complex lower.  Subsequently, ex-farm oilseed rape was quoted at £326 per tonne on 23rd June.

Pulse prices picked up during the month with some renewed demand, but selling reportedly remained limited.  Both feed beans and feed peas were quoted at £241 per tonne, on 23rd June.

Global Grain Supply & Demand

Global grain and oilseed markets have continued to fall over the past month.  A large driver of the drop in wheat prices was the renewal of the Black Sea Initiative.  The deal was renewed for a further 60 days on 17th May 2023.  The shorter deal length drives greater uncertainty for the global supply chain.  The deal now runs until 18th July 2023.  There were moments during the last 60-day period where an extension seemed less likely; this resulted in temporary price spikes.

The renewal of the Black Sea Grain Initiative comes at a time when forecasts of Russian wheat production have increased, also pressuring prices.  Whilst the Black Sea Grain Initiative is vital to market direction, we also must pay attention to the underlying supply and demand fundamentals.

In May, the USDA released its first estimates of 2023/24 global grain supply and demand.   In contrast to the International Grains Council (IGC) forecasts, the USDA sees a softening of the grain balance, year-on-year, with significant maize stock growth offsetting a fall in wheat stocks.  The IGC’s updated 2023/24 forecasts show a further tightening of the global supply and demand.  The chart shows the USDA figures with production exceeding consumption.  It also translates this into year-end stock figures.  Whilst, on the headline stock figures, the world looks well-supplied with grain, taking China out of the calculation shows the world is in a far tighter position.  China tends to hold its stocks for strategic rather than trading reasons and they don’t really contribute to the availability of grain to the rest of the world.

The US and Global maize crop are an important element of the softening USDA supply and demand picture.  Maize production is expected to increase by 69 million tonnes globally, and stocks by 15 million tonnes.  The US alone is expected to account for 39 million tonnes of the production increase, while seeing its stocks rise by 20 million tonnes.

The US maize crop is currently 81% planted (week ending 21st May).  Crop conditions will need to be watched closely for their impact, either positive or negative, on crop potential and so, price. At present the outlook for maize in the US remains positive.

In Europe there have been contrasting weather conditions.  Conditions have generally been favourable in Northern Europe, albeit with too much rain during spring planting.  However, prolonged drought in Spain is causing concern.  Grain yields in Spain are forecast to be down by 30-40% against the five-year average, by the EU Joint Research Centre.  This may support demand for UK barley exports.

UK Grain Markets

UK cereal and oilseed pricing continues to face pressure from global market conditions.  Ex-farm feed wheat (nearby) was worth £179 per tonne in May.  This is down £9 per tonne on the April average price.  The price of feed wheat has now fallen more than £40 per tonne since January.  Milling wheat continues to hold a strong premium over feed wheat, extending to £70 per tonne on average in May.  Feed barley prices averaged £165 per tonne in May, with the discount to wheat narrowing.

AHDB published its latest UK supply and demand estimates for the 2022/23 season. The estimates highlight the increased ending stocks for both wheat and barley. Large cereal crops from harvest 2022, have been met with weak animal feed demand. The ongoing challenges for the pig and poultry sector resulted in a further cut to wheat demand of 130Kt.

The challenges for animal feed demand will carry into the new season. With large carry-in stocks and crops generally looking healthy, domestic prices will need to remain export competitive.

The value of Oilseed rape has fallen to the lowest point since October 2020, at £345 per tonne ex-farm in May.  Prices have continued to fall throughout the month, reaching £330 per tonne, delivered into Erith, on 24th May.  Oilseed rape prices are being undermined by large EU carry-in stocks for the new season, with the EU expected to harvest its largest OSR crop since 2014 (20 million tonnes).  Wider oilseed market fundamentals are also pressuring OSR prices, with the USDA forecasting a 40 million tonne increase in soyabean production in 2023/24.

Bean and Pea prices have bucked the trend of other combinable crop markets, with both commodities gaining £7 per tonne, month-on-month.  Feed beans were quoted at £228 per tonne and peas £234 per tonne.

Grain Market Update

In February’s Bulletin we highlighted that the fast pace of imports of Ukrainian crops into the EU was pressuring prices.  This came to a head in April with Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Slovakia announcing bans on the import of Ukrainian agricultural goods.  The EU has proposed measures to guarantee that crops moving into those nations are re-exported and do not remain in those five domestic markets.  In addition, the EU has proposed the provision of €100m to compensate farmers in those nations.  At present there is no agreement on whether this deal will be accepted.  The news of the bans initially supported prices, but they have subsequently fallen.

Further uncertainty for grain markets has been caused by the 60-day terms the Black Sea grain corridor now operates under.  Comments suggesting the G7 would ban exports to Russia, were reacted to by former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev with suggestions of the Corridor agreement being scrapped in retaliation.  This has served to support grain prices in the short-term.  Overall, the situation in the Black Sea remains a dominant driver for grain and oilseed markets.

Looking ahead to the global supply and demand picture for next season (2023/24), the global grain stocks picture was eased slightly in the latest International Grains Council supply and demand figures, owing to greater maize production, particularly in the US.  That said the overall picture remains tighter year-on-year.  With weather concerns in part of the US, particularly for wheat, any adverse weather would support prices.

UK grain prices moved higher following the uncertainty around Black Sea grain movement.  UK feed wheat (ex-farm, nearby) was quoted at £190 per tonne in the week ending 21st April.  This is up around £8 per tonne on the month.  The milling premium also extended slightly, quoted at £61 per tonne.  Feed barley has struggled to find demand in 2023 but has been able to compete into export markets recently.  The feed barley price was quoted at £170 per tonne, on 21st April.

Oilseed rape prices have fallen since the start of the year.  However, concerns around dry weather in Argentina has continued to cut soyabean production forecasts supporting the wider oilseed complex.  Oilseed rape prices have risen by nearly £30 per tonne, month-on-month, to £380 per tonne.  That said, expectations remain for bigger global rapeseed crops in 2023/24.  Also, a bumper Brazilian soyabean harvest is expected which adds pressure vegetable oil markets.  Oilseed rape prices may be supported in the longer term with the EU Parliament backing a ban on imports linked to deforestation, including palm oil and soya. Companies selling into the EU will now have to provide verifiable information that goods were not grown on land which has been deforested after 2020.

Pulse prices have been stable month-on-month, with pea and bean prices unchanged at £226 and £220 per tonne, respectively.

The last month has been a busy one for the majority of arable farmers, the wet conditions of March have led to a backlog of planting and spraying.  While April conditions have not been ideal they have at least allowed field work to continue.