Tag: global markets

Global Grain Markets

Global factors have been key for grain pricing in June, with wheat moving up, largely supported by maize.

Maize has been the significant driver of global grain prices, with drought conditions seemingly worsening through to 20th June.  A USDA report of that date showed 67% of the US maize crop to be in moderate to extreme drought.  Some parts of the ‘Corn Belt’ have now received rain, but much more is needed and at present this is not forthcoming in the forecast.

There is still significant time to go until the crop is harvested.  The crop will begin silking (flowering) soon.  Once silking starts, soil moisture, or lack thereof, will become increasingly important for yields.

At present, the USDA are forecasting a record maize crop for the US (388 million tonnes), based on a trend yield.  Additionally, US maize ending stocks are forecast to grow by more than 20 million tonnes.  With world maize stocks expected to grow by 16 million tonnes, year-on-year, any problems with US production would be supportive of grain prices.  This remains an ongoing watch point.

Another key supportive factor for wheat prices is the situation in Ukraine.  The short-lived rebellion by the Wagner Mercenaries on 24th June led to some increases in wheat price during the day on Monday.  The Black Sea Grain Initiative is also due on 17th July; posturing by all sides in the run up to this date will be a key influencer of price.

The outlook for crops in the EU worsened in June, with the EU Joint Research Centre revising its yield forecasts for all crops lower.  For winter crops, most forecasts remain above the five-year average.  A key driver of the cuts to yield forecasts is the dry conditions being experienced by much of Northern Europe.

Investors Push Wheat Prices Lower

The value of wheat has fallen considerably over the past month.  A bumper crop in Australia, forecasts for strong South American maize production, and the continuation of exports from Ukraine have all contributed to the slide in prices.

Furthermore, data from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), who monitor the position of traders in futures market, highlights that ‘managed money’ funds have consistently been net-sellers of Chicago wheat futures since the beginning of October.  Fundamentally, this means that those in charge of investment funds expect wheat prices to go lower.  The net position of such funds shows that investment funds are now the most bearish they have been since April 2019.

This bearish view for comes despite the global supply and demand balance for wheat being the tightest since 2007/08 and is a potential indicator of recessionary concerns.

The maize picture, which is an underlying driver of wheat markets, has been more positive with prices rising in recent days.  Much still hangs on the South American maize crop.  There are concerns for Argentinian production amid drought, whilst the Brazilian crop outlook is still positive.  The Brazilian crop is typically more than twice the size of the Argentinian one.

May 2023 UK feed wheat futures have tracked the global wheat price decline, falling to around £240 per tonne, a drop of around £20 per tonne from mid-November.  New crop, November 2023, futures have dropped by a similar amount, to just under £228 per tonne, on 15th December.

While the mood is generally negative around grain markets, there are still some potential positive drivers.  In particular, there is much discussion at present about the decline in India’s wheat stocks. India consumes 13% of the world’s wheat, and stocks are expected to hit a six-year low.

Global Grain Production

The latest International Grains Council (IGC) supply and demand figures show a year-on-year reduction of stocks of grains globally.  The change in global grain supply is driven by tighter maize production, the price of which underpins the feed grains market.

The IGC forecast of maize production is ten million tonnes lower than it was in July at 1,179 million tonnes.  If realised, maize production would be 40.9 million tonnes lower than in 2021/22. Even with a fall in usage, ending stocks would be 5% lower year-on-year.  The maize production forecast has mostly declined due to the conflict in Ukraine.  However, the impact of drought conditions in the EU cannot be overstated.  Maize production in the EU is forecast at 59.6 million tonnes in 2022/23, down 8.7 million tonnes from the IGC’s July forecast.

Wheat production is forecast to decline by 2.9 million tonnes, whilst usage is seen rising by 2.5 million tonnes.  Global wheat stocks are forecast to decline by 4.6 million tonnes.  Excluding Chinese supply and demand from the equation, global stocks are estimated to fall by almost nine million tonnes.

With the grains supply and demand balance tightening, year-on-year, we can expect support for grain prices to remain.  But, bear in mind that the lack of supply from Ukraine will already be priced-in to some degree.  Any positive changes in the conflict will still drive a fall in prices.

The oilseed market is moving in the opposite direction to grains.  World soyabean production is expected to increase by almost twelve million tonnes.  Ending stocks of soyabeans are forecast to rise by almost ten million tonnes.  The next forecasts of global supply and demand from the USDA are due on 12th September 2022, with the next IGC figures published on 22nd September 2022.

Ukrainian Grain Shipments

On 22nd July, Russia and Ukraine reached an agreement to allow shipments of grain to leave Black Sea ports.  Reports suggest that up to 20 million tonnes of old-crop grain, needs to be exported from Ukraine.  Understandably, the news of the grain deal caused markets to fall significantly, owing to expectations of increased grain availability.  UK feed wheat futures (November 2022) dropped by £16.75 per tonne on the day.

Prices have since recovered, despite the first vessels having left Ukraine.  One vessel has successfully passed inspection in Turkey, en-route to Lebanon.  The continued movement of vessels out of Ukraine ought to lead to a fall in prices.  However, there are some key considerations which may limit any drop. These include;

  • Volume of grain – the primary factor, which could prevent a sustained fall in prices is the volume of grain which needs to be moved.  The grain deal only runs for 120 days, yet if reports are to be believed there is circa 20 million tonnes of old crop grain alone needing to be moved.  That is around 170,000 tonnes of grain per day.  There are a number of vessels waiting to leave Odessa, a key grain port, which will move with comparative ease, but this will not be the case for all of the grain.
  • Logistics – logistical challenges are likely to restrict the volume of grain that can be shipped. Contrary to some reports, the volume of grain needing to be exported is not held at ports, or in a single province.  It needs to be moved from within Ukraine to ports before it can be shipped.
  • Insurance and crew – one of the primary concerns surrounding the ability to ship grain was the insurance premium on vessels although, given grain is now moving, this would not appear to be to prohibitive.  Crewing the vessels may be another challenge, each vessel needs 20+ crew.
  • Russia – the big caveat to all shipments at the moment is Russia’s intentions.  The day after the deal was signed, it shelled the port of Odessa.  This was followed a few days later by the killing of a prominent Ukrainian grain exporter in Mykolaiv.  Similar incidents over the next 120 days will have as much impact on grain prices as the movement of vessels out of the Black Sea.

Shipments of grain out of Ukraine will ease prices, however, there still remains a lot of grain to be moved.  The risk of Russia reneging on the shipment deal will also remain a concern.  This will fundamentally limit the fall in prices.  Furthermore, it is worth highlighting that there is still underlying support for grain prices with supply and demand of global grain tighter year-on-year.  There is also continued uncertainty over the condition of the EU maize crop, due to heat stress, keeping prices supported.

International Grains Outlook

In contrast to the UK, global grain production looks set to increase for the 2020 harvest (2020/21 marketing year).  This is the latest forecast from the International Grains Council’s (IGC).

Since April, the total expected grain production has gone up by 12 million tonnes and consumption down by 4 million. These figures might seem small, but global organisations like this will make subtle and gradual changes so as not to have to reduce them again the following month.  The summary then is that grain availability is slowly becoming easier than was expected earlier on in the season.  As can be seen in the table, this is not the highest stock levels the world has seen for a year or two, but a small change in supply makes a larger difference in price.

18/19 figures estimates; 19/20 forecasts; 20/21 projections    Argentina, Australia, Canada, EU, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, US

What the table does not show is the impact of protectionism.  It suggests that there are 2.23 billion tonnes of grain for anybody to buy.  Clearly, much of that is locked away in countries that are not engaged with the global market, or where the domestic market mops up the whole domestic crop.  However, the recent moves by Governments around the world to ensure their citizens have enough food, and thus preventing export sales is potentially restricting the movement of some grains from, for example, Russia.  Russians will not eat more wheat than usual though, meaning any surplus will emerge onto the global market eventually.

The easing of the global grain market places a downwards pressure on prices.  This will be felt in the UK and is serving to counter-balance some of the upwards pressure from a small UK harvest.